[Obesity as a cause and result of disability]. / Otylosc jako przyczyna lub skutek niepelnosprawnosci.

The aim of the review is to determine complex relations between obesity and disability. Obesity is defined as an abnormal, pathologic increase in body fat. This disease results from environmental factors, like: low level of physical activity, excessive intake of high energy food and genetic predisposition to storage of fat. The health consequences of obesity are chronic diseases: diabetes mellitus type 2, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, certain types of cancers and also psychosocial problems, which together have an adverse effect on quality of life. The consequences of this comorbidities and conditions are also higher rates of disability in this group of people. Limitations in everyday functioning of the overweight and obese people are the consequence of comorbidities, for example: diseases of the circulatory system and late diabetic complications. The leading cause of disability (especially in functional area) is impairement of the musculoskeletal system, caused by excessive weight, for ex. chronic back pain. In this case the mechanism of "vicious cycle" is observed where sedentary lifestyle contributes to obesity and obesity exacerbates disability. The role of physical inactivity in the development of weight gain emphasises the fact that among people with disabling conditions rates of obesity are significantly higher.

[Type-2 diabetes mellitus as a cause of disability]. / Cukrzyca typu 2 jako przyczyna niepelnosprawnosci.

Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disease associated with a wide range of comorbidities and complications, including retinopathy and loss of vision, nephropathy and end-stage renal disease, peripheral neuropathy, cardiovascular diseases, lower extremity amputations due to diabetic foot. All this long-term medical complications shorten life expectancy of the affected people and cause physical decline, which leads to disability. The importance of the problem results also from the prevalence of the disease. Diabetes is expected to increase worldwide from 135 million to 300 million people between 1995 and 2025. In Poland it is estimated that 2 million inhabitants have diabetes and half of these population is unaware of the condition. The aim of these review of the literature is to show all positive associations between diabetes and its complications leading to limitations and disability. The prevalence of the disability in the population of the people with diabetes is the sum of all diabetic complications and the process of aging. The diabetes epidemic affects the entire age range and the greatest absolute increase is occurring among the elderly. These informations suggest that the number of people at risk for physical limitations and disability, caused by diabetes will increase dramatically. If these process was not stopped, it would erode health status and quality of life of the great proportion of the society.

Blockade of reticular formation activity, due to carisoprodol maternal administration, and its effects on rat skeleton development.

The purpose of this experiment was to study the influence of reticular formation blockade, due to carisoprodol maternal administration, on rat skeleton development. The drug was administered three times a day orally by stomach tube at doses: T1--20 mg/kg/24 h, T2--200 mg/kg/24 h, T3--400 mg/kg/24 h. The fetuses obtained on 21st day of gestation were counted and macroscopically examined. Placental and fetal weight, fetal and tail length were checked. After fixation in 95% ethanol the fetuses were stained under single alizarin red S Dawson method and examined under a stereo-dissection microscope. Morphological examination revealed no major malformations. Insignificant number of subcutaneous ecchymose and various skeleton anomalies were observed. The experiment revealed that carisoprodol has no influence on rat skeleton development.